Classification in Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table. s, p. d and f block elements- periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii. ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy), valence, oxidation states. and chemical reactivity'

P-Block Elements

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group

d and f Block Elements

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first.row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states. atomic radii. color. catalytic behaviour. magnetic properties, complex formation.

Interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄,

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids-Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states'

Co-ordination Compounds

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds' isomerism:

Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis. extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Classification in Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table. s, p. d and f block elements- periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii. ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy), valence, oxidation states. and chemical reactivity'

P-Block Elements

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group

d and f Block Elements

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first.row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states. atomic radii. color. catalytic behaviour. magnetic properties, complex formation.

Interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄,

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids-Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states'

Co-ordination Compounds

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds' isomerism:

Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis. extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Purification - Crystallization, sublimarion' chromatography - principles and their applications distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications'

Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulfur phosphorus' and halogens

Quantitative analysis (basic principresonry) - Estimation of carbon. hydrogen. Nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen  andsulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism

Hydrocarbons

Classification isomerism. IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.

Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes

Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen. halogens, water. hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen. halogens. water. and hydrogen halides, polymerization

Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature. benzene - structure, and aromaticity, Mechanism of substitution: halogenation, nitration.

Friedel - craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

Organic Compounds Containing Halogen

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C_X bond: Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

Organic Compound Containing Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH₃ and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of 𝛂-hydrogen. aldol condensatiorlcannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Acidic strength and factors affecting it'

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses'

Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character'

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules

CARBOHYDRATES - classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)

PROTEINS: Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, Proteins, primary.

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

VITAMINS - Classification and functions

NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA

Biological functions of nucleic acids

Hormones (General introduction)

Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of extra elements(Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional group., hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds

The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt. potash alum'

Organic compounds: Acetanilide. p-nitro acetanilide' aniline yellow iodoform

The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators. oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄ Mohr's salt vs KMnO₄  Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

cations - Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺. Al³⁺, Fe^3+, , Zn²⁺ Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺. NH₄²⁺

Anions- CO^2-, S^2-, SO₄²-, NO3-, CI-, Br-. I- (Insoluble salts excluded)

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Units of measurement. System of Units, SI Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

KINEMATICS

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position-time graph, speed and velocity: Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion. velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion- Scalars and Vectors.

Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products.

Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector, Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Laws of Motion

Force and inertia, Newton's First Law of Motion: Momentum, Newton's Second Law of Motion: Impulses, Newton's Third Law of Motion: Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: a vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies. work-energy theorem, power.

The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy. conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

 Rotational Motion

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body: Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;

The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler's law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.

Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.

Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow, critical velocity Bemoulli's principle and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise.

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation.

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature, Heat, work, and internal energy.

The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.

The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure.

Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom.

Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.

Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.  Periodic functions.  Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM –Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.

Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion.  Displacement relation for a progressive wave.  Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics.  Beats.  Doppler effect.

Electrostatics

Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

 Current Electricity

Electric current, Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm's law.

Electrical resistance, V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power.

Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Series and parallel combinations of resistors, Temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel.

Kirchhoffsraws and their applications. wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere, Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and Current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Artemating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

OPTICS

Reflection of light, spherical minors, mirror formula. Refraction of right at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.

Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central

Maximum. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.

ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness diameter of thin sheet/wire'
3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire'
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law'
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by halfdeflection method.
13. The focal length of;

(i) Convex mirror

(ii) Concave mirror, and

(iii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.

14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
15. Refractive index of a glass slab usinq a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
18. Identificatic'n of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items